[ { "id": "A01-C01", "claim_id": "A01-C01", "text": "The Mendoza frontispiece places year signs around a four-part city image, joining calendrical sequence, named leaders, the city's place sign and conquest imagery on one page.", "source_ids": [ "A01" ], "locator": { "A01": "208–211" }, "status": "Close reading of a primary manuscript through scholarly analysis", "note": "Image close-reading layers for dates, city, people and conquest; evidence for visual integration and information organization.", "limit": "high for described page organization; interpretation must remain attributed" }, { "id": "A01-C02", "claim_id": "A01-C02", "text": "Carrasco interprets speech, mat, hairstyle and a connected name glyph as distinct signs marking Tenoch's authority and identity; the other seated figures are likewise distinguished through glyphic names.", "source_ids": [ "A01" ], "locator": { "A01": "210–211, including n.26" }, "status": "Scholarly interpretation of pictorial conventions", "note": "Demonstrate that a trained reader attends to relationships and conventional signs, beyond resemblance alone.", "limit": "attributed interpretation; name readings need current specialist cross-check" }, { "id": "A01-C03", "claim_id": "A01-C03", "text": "Mendoza was produced for a Spanish royal audience under colonial patronage. Carrasco notes that the Spanish explanation adds information beyond the images and that interpreters disputed some readings before the manuscript was finished.", "source_ids": [ "A01" ], "locator": { "A01": "207–208" }, "status": "Historical account of commission and interpretation", "note": "Keep manuscript date, represented historical period and interpretive voice separate; distinguish what is visible from what an interpreter supplied.", "limit": "high for colonial mediation; named painter/translator suggestions in the article are uncertain" }, { "id": "A01-C04", "claim_id": "A01-C04", "text": "Carrasco opens by tracing the rejection of Morgan's racial evolutionary description of Mexican society and criticizes a later practice of using Greek philosophical ideals as the norm for interpreting Nahua thought.", "source_ids": [ "A01" ], "locator": { "A01": "199–201, especially notes 1 and 8" }, "status": "Historiography and critique", "note": "Frame the central question around what definitions admit as civilization, knowledge and reading, with historically specific examples of biased criteria.", "limit": "high as a statement of Carrasco's argument" }, { "id": "A01-C05", "claim_id": "A01-C05", "text": "The article links city layout to ritual, administration and tribute, using Broda's reading of warrior-costume tribute to propose connections between five regional divisions and a cosmological directional scheme.", "source_ids": [ "A01" ], "locator": { "A01": "216–219" }, "status": "Interpretive synthesis citing other scholarship", "note": "Connect book pages to the institutions and material flows they organize, while visibly labeling the cosmological interpretation.", "limit": "proposed explanatory connection, not a proven universal scheme" }, { "id": "A02-C01", "claim_id": "A02-C01", "text": "In 2004 Hammond compared the original Mendoza with the Cooper Clark 1938 and Berdan–Anawalt 1992 facsimiles under natural light at the Bodleian, using Munsell soil color charts to describe differences.", "source_ids": [ "A02" ], "locator": { "A02": "467" }, "status": "Reported direct comparative observation", "note": "Explain why an institutional digitization and its reproduction conditions matter to close reading.", "limit": "high for what this study did" }, { "id": "A02-C02", "claim_id": "A02-C02", "text": "Hammond found the 1992 facsimile's blue and green tones reasonably accurate overall, while red and purple differences could affect interpretation.", "source_ids": [ "A02" ], "locator": { "A02": "467–468" }, "status": "Reported direct comparative observation and Table 1", "note": "A facsimile caution adjacent to image annotation, avoiding claims that all scans share the same defect.", "limit": "high within these editions and study conditions" }, { "id": "A02-C03", "claim_id": "A02-C03", "text": "The darker red of the facsimile could suggest hematite, while the original's bright red suggested cochineal or annatto to Hammond; he explicitly stated that the pigments had not yet been analyzed.", "source_ids": [ "A02" ], "locator": { "A02": "467–468" }, "status": "Pigment hypothesis based on visual comparison", "note": "Teach the difference between a visible color, a reproduction artifact and a verified pigment identification.", "limit": "hypothesis only; chemical identification not established" }, { "id": "A02-C04", "claim_id": "A02-C04", "text": "Purple washes that model volume on several Mendoza pages are faint or nearly absent in the facsimile; Hammond treats them as evidence of European stylistic elements within the manuscript's combined pictorial practice.", "source_ids": [ "A02" ], "locator": { "A02": "468, Table 1" }, "status": "Reported observation and stylistic interpretation", "note": "Show colonial visual adaptation without ranking volumetric perspective above Indigenous conventions.", "limit": "high for reported discrepancy; attributed for stylistic classification" }, { "id": "A03-C01", "claim_id": "A03-C01", "text": "The Codex Azcatitlan combines conventional signs for names, places, dates and other concepts with narrative pictures; Navarrete describes writing, painting and oral presentation as connected practices within this tradition.", "source_ids": [ "A03" ], "locator": { "A03": "pp. 145 · Opening description and footnote 2" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "This is relevant evidence against defining literacy solely by silent alphabetic decoding. That broader definitional argument needs independent scholarship on literacy and writing, because the article does not measure literacy or compare European institutions.", "limit": "The audiovisual framework is scholarly interpretation grounded partly in cited scholarship; the source does not provide an actual preserved performance of this codex." }, { "id": "A03-C02", "claim_id": "A03-C02", "text": "Azcatitlan organizes migration and imperial history through different systems of space and time: travel and successive stays in the former, rulers' reigns, conquests and the main temple in the latter.", "source_ids": [ "A03" ], "locator": { "A03": "pp. 149-150 · Migration section and transition; pp. 153 · The imperial period; footnotes 13-14" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The book supplies a sophisticated, purpose-dependent architecture for historical knowledge. Its two architectures can be shown in an atlas as different reading protocols rather than treating the absence of European perspective as an absence of order.", "limit": "The conventional systems are documented here through a colonial object. Their precontact duration and geographical extent require other evidence. The imperial section's order should not be projected onto every codex or culture." }, { "id": "A03-C03", "claim_id": "A03-C03", "text": "Navarrete reads the codex's varying styles as narrative choices: a path becomes a ground line, and European spatial techniques can carry Indigenous place meanings and political arguments.", "source_ids": [ "A03" ], "locator": { "A03": "pp. 146 · Four motifs; pp. 147-148 · Desert landscape, figures 2-3; pp. 150-151 · Path/ground-line discussion and figure 6" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "These scenes are useful for close-reading interactions that distinguish a visible feature from the scholar's proposed function of it.", "limit": "The intention behind each style change is contested. Navarrete argues against Robertson's haste/acculturation explanation; the source does not independently prove the artists' intentions. His proposed Biblical and Indigenous allusions must remain attributed." }, { "id": "A03-C04", "claim_id": "A03-C04", "text": "The paired coronation scene allows readers to compare the two Mexica cities. Navarrete argues that its unequal detail and carefully distributed signs of authority quietly favor Tlatelolco within an outwardly Tenochca history.", "source_ids": [ "A03" ], "locator": { "A03": "pp. 151-152 · Paired coronations and lake scene analysis; pp. 153 · Figure 8; original page image visually inspected" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "This supports an atlas treatment of books as arguments made by particular communities under unequal power, rather than neutral containers of an undifferentiated 'Aztec' voice.", "limit": "Tlatelolca authorship and covert preeminence are the author's deductions from visual and comparative evidence, not signatures or an explicit contemporary statement. The image is a colonial historical representation, not eyewitness proof of either coronation." }, { "id": "A03-C05", "claim_id": "A03-C05", "text": "For Navarrete, ambiguity and oral recitation are part of how Azcatitlan works: audiences need not extract identical meanings, and European pictorial features can help sustain Indigenous historical messages under colonial rule.", "source_ids": [ "A03" ], "locator": { "A03": "pp. 145-146 · Audiences, Scott and Iser framework; pp. 157-158 · Conquest/colonial interpretive limits and funnel structure; pp. 159 · Conclusion on oral recitation, indeterminacy and cultural dialogue" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The atlas can treat oral participation as a positive reading technology and cultural-memory relation, while acknowledging what becomes inaccessible when the relevant performances and audiences are lost.", "limit": "The author repeatedly frames audience intentions and varying recitations as assumptions or hypotheses. The title's 'hidden codes' refers to non-explicit political and cultural messages, not a demonstrated cipher. No matched European comparison is supplied." }, { "id": "A04-C01", "claim_id": "A04-C01", "text": "Anawalt's core Borgia Group consists of Borgia, Vaticanus B, Cospi, Fejervary-Mayer and Laud: related ritual books whose stylistic resemblance does not settle where they were made.", "source_ids": [ "A04" ], "locator": { "A04": "pp. 838-839 · Grouping, provenance debate and comparison corpus; pp. 842 · Ritual subject matter" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "An atlas can compare ritual knowledge organization within the group while preserving object-level provenance uncertainty.", "limit": "The probable use as manuals is a scholarly functional interpretation, not a surviving original owner's statement. The term 'Borgia Group' is an analytical grouping, not a securely attested precontact institutional collection." }, { "id": "A04-C02", "claim_id": "A04-C02", "text": "Anawalt makes manuscript clothing comparable by examining garment construction and repeated attributes, rather than treating a general 'Mixtec' appearance as proof of origin.", "source_ids": [ "A04" ], "locator": { "A04": "pp. 837-839 · Method, regional-style warning and historical-genealogical corpus; pp. 842 · 102 examples, 12 types, five principles and Vindobonensis comparison" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The atlas should distinguish language, political identity, region, artistic horizon and manuscript function rather than letting any one stand in for the others.", "limit": "Construction-based comparability does not eliminate genre, time, painter, preservation and selection effects. The study is a 1981 intervention in an evolving attribution debate." }, { "id": "A04-C03", "claim_id": "A04-C03", "text": "The study finds patterned differences within a shared artistic horizon: its Mixtec comparison set and Borgia Group differ in depicted torso coverage, combined clothing categories, xicolli jackets and full-body ceremonial suits.", "source_ids": [ "A04" ], "locator": { "A04": "pp. 840-841 · Table 1, complete table visually read from rendered original pages; pp. 843-847 · Detailed comparisons; four-point summary on 847" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Detailed, recurrent visual differences make these books a material-culture archive, and suggest distinct local repertoires within a circulating visual tradition.", "limit": "Anawalt treats differences as enough to reject Mixtec origin; the atlas should present that as her argument and seek later corroboration. Ritual costume is not a direct proxy for ordinary clothing, climate, language or self-identified gender. Use 'the study categorizes the depicted clothing as...' rather than assigning modern identities to pictured beings." }, { "id": "A04-C04", "claim_id": "A04-C04", "text": "Anawalt proposes more than one regional origin: Puebla-Tlaxcala for Borgia, Cospi and Vaticanus B, and the central/eastern Gulf Coast for Fejervary-Mayer and Laud.", "source_ids": [ "A04" ], "locator": { "A04": "pp. 848 · Borgia, Cospi and Vaticanus B proposals; Tehuacan alternative; pp. 849-850 · Gulf Coast proposal and future research" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "A provenance map can show broad proposed regions as uncertain areas with named scholarly attribution. It should not show a precise workshop pin or an unqualified route.", "limit": "The argument is inferential, and some relevant regions were archaeologically poorly known. Shared or traded motifs can complicate the inference from resemblance to place of manufacture. Neither suggested homeland is a securely documented production site in this source." }, { "id": "A04-C05", "claim_id": "A04-C05", "text": "The early European collecting record does not identify a secure export route for Laud or Fejervary-Mayer; Anawalt explicitly presents their possible transport by Diego de Ordaz as speculation.", "source_ids": [ "A04" ], "locator": { "A04": "pp. 849 · 1519 book inventory, material discrepancy and later collection proposal; pp. 850 · Ordaz hypothesis and explicit admission of speculation" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "An uncertain route is valuable evidence when visibly uncertain: it shows the gap between an object, an inventory category and a secure identification. Material analysis can constrain historical matching without uniquely solving it.", "limit": "A paper/skin description alone cannot identify the two books. Current institutional material descriptions and up-to-date provenance research should independently support public object records. Do not transform 'may have carried' into a historical event." }, { "id": "A05-C01", "claim_id": "A05-C01", "text": "In the Mexica migration histories Navarrete analyzes, paths, place signs, and year signs work together to narrate movement and duration. Treating these documents as either maps or annals can conceal how their systems combine spatial and temporal knowledge.", "source_ids": [ "A05" ], "locator": { "A05": "pp. 31–35; pp. 42" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Supports a specific strength in knowledge organization: route, chronology, residence, and event can be held within one visual structure. It challenges the assumption that absence of alphabetic prose means absence of elaborate historical narration.", "limit": "Does not measure readership, rates of literacy, chronological accuracy, or superiority over European books. The visual conventions described are not a uniform system for all Mesoamerica." }, { "id": "A05-C02", "claim_id": "A05-C02", "text": "Colonial Mexica painters actively adapted new book formats: Mexicanus and Azcatitlan preserved continuous journeys across page breaks, while double-page openings gave important episodes a new rhythm.", "source_ids": [ "A05" ], "locator": { "A05": "pp. 32–35; pp. 40; pp. 45–46" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Makes bookmaking an intellectual and material practice: the leaf, opening, line, and viewing action shape how history is read. It supplies evidence of Indigenous formal agency under colonial conditions.", "limit": "The proposed transformation or underworld meanings of the Chicomoztoc disruptions are interpretations, not decoded certainties. Navarrete notes a scholarly proposal that a leaf may be missing in Azcatitlan; a digital reconstruction must disclose that uncertainty." }, { "id": "A05-C03", "claim_id": "A05-C03", "text": "For Navarrete, oral performance and painted history formed a combined narrative practice; the pictures also organized meaning and sequence themselves, so describing them only as memory prompts understates their role.", "source_ids": [ "A05" ], "locator": { "A05": "pp. 36–37; pp. 46" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Allows the atlas to question literacy definitions that privilege silent alphabetic reading. Oral accompaniment is compatible with a sophisticated visual documentary system rather than evidence of intellectual deficiency.", "limit": "Navarrete says the precise articulation of oral tradition and codex requires deeper study. His imagined changes of oral pace are explicitly conjectural. This paper does not establish a phonetic decipherment or a general definition of literacy." }, { "id": "A05-C04", "claim_id": "A05-C04", "text": "The organization of Mexica histories helped make a political past: a continuous migration leads toward Tenochtitlan, then a changed visual system orders settled imperial history around rulers and conquests.", "source_ids": [ "A05" ], "locator": { "A05": "pp. 39–42; pp. 44" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Connects visual organization with cultural memory, historiography, power, and political argument. These are authored histories with narrative choices, not transparent collections of primitive signs.", "limit": "Narrative sophistication does not establish that the migration unfolded exactly as depicted. The article treats the documents as ideological constructions and does not test each reported event against archaeology or independent records." }, { "id": "A05-C05", "claim_id": "A05-C05", "text": "All manuscripts in Navarrete’s main comparison were made after the conquest. He argues that their organizing conventions have precontact roots, but this article supplies a reasoned continuity hypothesis rather than direct precontact manuscript evidence.", "source_ids": [ "A05" ], "locator": { "A05": "pp. 44–46" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Provides the necessary distinction between precontact practices and colonial witnesses to them. It supports continuity as an argued interpretation while leaving the atlas’s precontact existence claim to independent material evidence.", "limit": "Do not date Boturini or another analyzed manuscript to the precontact period on this article’s authority. The absence of a Western analogue is an author-reported comparative finding, not proof that no analogue exists." }, { "id": "A06-C01", "claim_id": "A06-C01", "text": "Calnek argues that a false statement about regional depopulation cannot alone invalidate the Codex Xolotl's detailed account; particular assertions require independent corroboration or disconfirmation.", "source_ids": [ "A06" ], "locator": { "A06": "424, 427" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "An evidence workbench that evaluates specific claims rather than assigning one truth score to a whole codex.", "limit": "high as Calnek's position" }, { "id": "A06-C02", "claim_id": "A06-C02", "text": "The Texcocan and Tepanec accounts agree on the order of arrivals, territorial relationships and the dynastic marriage linking Acolhua and Cuetlaxochitzin, while disagreeing on genealogy and succession.", "source_ids": [ "A06" ], "locator": { "A06": "424–425" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Show agreement and contradiction together in a dynastic-memory comparison.", "limit": "high for the article's identified agreements; underlying histories mediated here" }, { "id": "A06-C03", "claim_id": "A06-C03", "text": "Calnek compares the Codex Xolotl's account of Colhuacan with Chimalpahin's Memorial Breve, finding shared persons and events along with significant differences about kingship and the causes of intervention.", "source_ids": [ "A06" ], "locator": { "A06": "425–426" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Demonstrate that a pictorial history can preserve a recoverable event while giving it a particular political explanation.", "limit": "high as reported comparison; not direct independent reading of Chimalpahin in this intake" }, { "id": "A06-C04", "claim_id": "A06-C04", "text": "Calnek reads the Codex Xolotl as a dynastic history concerned with legitimate succession and territorial claims. Its silence about existing rural inhabitants may serve those purposes or reflect elite standards of historical relevance.", "source_ids": [ "A06" ], "locator": { "A06": "426–427" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "A layer distinguishing depicted empty territory from a literal archaeological census; connect reading to power and omission.", "limit": "plausible interpretation explicitly framed as such" }, { "id": "A06-C05", "claim_id": "A06-C05", "text": "Calnek concludes that even histories with a genuine historical core require point-by-point checking against documentary and archaeological materials because later historians could revise them for political or ideological reasons.", "source_ids": [ "A06" ], "locator": { "A06": "427" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Frame parity in critical treatment: apply the same source scrutiny to Mexican and European dynastic records.", "limit": "high as the article's conclusion" }, { "id": "A07-C01", "claim_id": "A07-C01", "text": "Charlton objects that the settlement absence and differing ceramics invoked for a Tula–Cholula conflict do not belong to the same archaeological period, and he reports no supporting forts, outposts or weapons in the cited data.", "source_ids": [ "A07" ], "locator": { "A07": "412–415" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Make the evidentiary chain visible: observation, period assignment and historical explanation are separate steps.", "limit": "high as Charlton's argument; represents a 1973 debate rather than a current consensus statement" }, { "id": "A07-C02", "claim_id": "A07-C02", "text": "Charlton reorganizes settlement types into residential and social/political/religious categories and treats their range as an indicator of local autonomy or outside centralization.", "source_ids": [ "A07" ], "locator": { "A07": "415–418, Table 1" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Explain how categories used to organize information influence what an analyst can infer.", "limit": "model assumption, not a universal law" }, { "id": "A07-C03", "claim_id": "A07-C03", "text": "His alternative account links the sparse central Texcoco occupation to a longer process of population concentration and the distribution of productive land and water, rather than to an otherwise unproven military frontier.", "source_ids": [ "A07" ], "locator": { "A07": "418–420" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Offer competing explanations for an apparently empty area, with each model's required evidence.", "limit": "proposed model" }, { "id": "A07-C04", "claim_id": "A07-C04", "text": "Charlton proposes correlating the early Xolotl patterns with terminal Late Toltec and Early Aztec developments, supporting Dibble's thirteenth-century date for the narrated early events.", "source_ids": [ "A07" ], "locator": { "A07": "422–423" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Timeline separating event date, manuscript date and date of scholarly interpretation.", "limit": "proposed correlation; not a material manuscript date" }, { "id": "A07-C05", "claim_id": "A07-C05", "text": "The article finds repeated cycles of local political development followed by domination from external centers and warns that settlement patterns under Tenochtitlan do not resemble those assigned to Teotihuacan or Tula in the same simple way.", "source_ids": [ "A07" ], "locator": { "A07": "420–422" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Keep different periods and political systems distinct instead of treating central Mexico as an unchanging single civilization.", "limit": "attributed analytical synthesis" }, { "id": "CB01", "claim_id": "CB01", "text": "In Baird’s reading of Book 9 of the Florentine Codex, images convey technical information that the Spanish column leaves unwritten.", "source_ids": [ "B01" ], "locator": { "B01": "p. 294; Book 9 chapters 16, 20 and 21" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Baird notes full Nahuatl accounts alongside brief or dismissive Spanish text.; In the selected chapters, drawings occupy the Spanish-column space and communicate craft processes.", "limit": "This concerns selected colonial chapters and does not establish that every image functions identically or that it is a precontact manuscript." }, { "id": "CB02", "claim_id": "CB02", "text": "European-looking scenes in the Florentine Codex can still follow Indigenous practices of composing information from distinct, recombinable elements.", "source_ids": [ "B01" ], "locator": { "B01": "pp. 295–296, 299–303" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Architectural motifs recur with variations around changing craft activities.; Baird relates the separability of these elements to preconquest pictorial compositional habits.", "limit": "An art-historical interpretation, not a claim that one unchanged or universal Indigenous grammar controls the entire codex." }, { "id": "CB03", "claim_id": "CB03", "text": "The letter A beside a goldworker is not secure evidence of an artist’s signature; Baird proposes a copied architectural label as a more likely explanation.", "source_ids": [ "B01" ], "locator": { "B01": "pp. 292–293, 299–303" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The proposed Agustín de la Fuente attribution depends on an inconclusive chain of earlier references.; Baird compares the column with architectural treatises, especially Serlio’s Temple of Vesta illustration.", "limit": "Baird explicitly says the Serlio connection is highly probable but not provable. Display as a scholarly argument, never a solved attribution." }, { "id": "CB04", "claim_id": "CB04", "text": "The Florentine Codex’s knowledge emerged through Indigenous collaboration, consultation of pictorial manuscripts, and multilingual scholarly work.", "source_ids": [ "B01" ], "locator": { "B01": "pp. 288–289" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Baird describes two decades of interviews and consultation of prehispanic pictorial records.; Former Tlatelolco students assisted Sahagún and were educated in Nahuatl, Spanish and Latin.", "limit": "A secondary account of one colonial project; does not quantify population literacy or license treating Sahagún as the sole author." }, { "id": "CB05", "claim_id": "CB05", "text": "Long’s 1926 attempt to read the Zouche Codex combined recurring calendar signs with named people and life events to decide between possible sequences.", "source_ids": [ "B02" ], "locator": { "B02": "pp. 239–240" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "A year name recurs after a calendar round.; Long used marriages, births and lifespans to constrain which recurrence he thought intended.", "limit": "This describes Long’s method. His calculations and assumptions need current specialist checking before use as historical chronology." }, { "id": "CB06", "claim_id": "CB06", "text": "The red divisions and changing scene sequences in the Zouche manuscript were treated as organizing devices in Long’s reading, not incidental decoration.", "source_ids": [ "B02" ], "locator": { "B02": "pp. 239–241" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Long follows red division lines for four divisions.; He adds a further editorial division at codex page 40 despite no red line.", "limit": "The fifth division is Long’s analytic choice. The atlas must distinguish manuscript marks from a scholar’s reconstruction." }, { "id": "CB07", "claim_id": "CB07", "text": "By 1926, Long was arguing for the Zouche Codex as a connected historical and genealogical record rather than an unintelligible set of pictures.", "source_ids": [ "B02" ], "locator": { "B02": "pp. 241–242, 247–255" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Long lays out genealogies or lists of rulers and debates which model best fits.; He argues for historical character while acknowledging obscure passages.", "limit": "A statement about historiography, not endorsement of every name, identification or claim of historical truth in this century-old paper." }, { "id": "CB08", "claim_id": "CB08", "text": "Long’s numbered years for the Zouche chronology are his own analytic convention, and he admits that the text does not supply a secure Christian-era correlation.", "source_ids": [ "B02" ], "locator": { "B02": "pp. 240, 242" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Long calls the year numbering arbitrary and denies a corresponding native era.; He says nothing establishes the correlation with the Christian era.", "limit": "Do not transform his numbered sequence into BCE/CE dates or repeat his speculative Cortés provenance." }, { "id": "CB09", "claim_id": "CB09", "text": "The 1990 conservation study identified four Huejotzingo drawings on ficus-based amatl and four on agave-based maguey paper.", "source_ids": [ "B03" ], "locator": { "B03": "p. 105; notes 9–11, pp. 112–113" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Identification used microscopy and comparisons with samples and published photomicrographs.; The authors describe the papers as even, regular and skillfully made.", "limit": "These are early colonial sheets. Species identification and terminology are those of this study, not a universal statement about all Indigenous papers." }, { "id": "CB10", "claim_id": "CB10", "text": "Huejotzingo’s varied palette is material evidence of developed color craft, but not every colorant has been securely identified.", "source_ids": [ "B03" ], "locator": { "B03": "p. 105; note 12, p. 113" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The reported palette includes black, red, yellow, orange, green, brown and blue.; The study identifies charcoal black and calcium carbonate white.; It describes red as probably cochineal and notes that no precise chemical tests had confirmed it.", "limit": "Keep probable cochineal distinct from chemically confirmed pigment. The orchid adhesive is a historical-source comparison, not a full chemical identification of each binder." }, { "id": "CB11", "claim_id": "CB11", "text": "The Huejotzingo manuscript made Indigenous pictorial accounts of tribute part of a colonial legal record.", "source_ids": [ "B03" ], "locator": { "B03": "pp. 97–100" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The drawings recorded goods and services disputed in the litigation.; The surrounding proceedings record accusations against members of the first audiencia.; The article distinguishes the ethnohistorian’s pictorial meaning of codex from the bookbinder’s structural meaning.", "limit": "A record of coercion and legal conflict, not proof that colonial institutions gave Indigenous testimony equal power in general." }, { "id": "CB12", "claim_id": "CB12", "text": "One mixed manuscript preserves a revealing material contrast: bright Indigenous pigments and skillfully made papers alongside European text leaves damaged by acidic writing ink.", "source_ids": [ "B03" ], "locator": { "B03": "pp. 99, 103–105" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Certain text leaves had holes, strike-through and lost fragments from ink damage.; The Indigenous colors remained vivid despite twelve years of display.; The authors also credit the quality of European paper and climate for survival.", "limit": "This is a bounded contrast, not a durability contest or proof that every Indigenous medium outlasted every European one." }, { "id": "CB13", "claim_id": "CB13", "text": "Binding and conservation changed what readers could see in the Huejotzingo Codex.", "source_ids": [ "B03" ], "locator": { "B03": "pp. 99, 105, 108–110" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Tight side sewing damaged both paper traditions and concealed spine text in the early microfilm.; Incorporation protected the drawings’ association with the written record but forced damaging folds.; Treatment removed and separately housed drawings, restored collation and enabled a new complete-text microfilm.", "limit": "Modern access results from intervention. Present the original association and changed housing together; do not describe the current object as untouched." }, { "id": "CB14", "claim_id": "CB14", "text": "Histories of books in Spanish America have been shaped by arguments about empire, cultural isolation and the supposed civilizing role of the European book.", "source_ids": [ "B04" ], "locator": { "B04": "pp. 277–284, 292–294" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Nineteenth-century bibliographies helped national histories argue for cultural stagnation under Spanish control.; Twentieth-century research on real book circulation challenged legal-prohibition narratives.; Later scholarship questioned print’s privileged status as the main measure of knowledge.", "limit": "Calvo surveys positions, not one uniform scholarly ideology. Distinguish evidence of actual circulation from an endorsement of colonial rule." }, { "id": "CB15", "claim_id": "CB15", "text": "The establishment of colonial printing cannot be equated with the beginning of American knowledge or with automatic intellectual liberation.", "source_ids": [ "B04" ], "locator": { "B04": "pp. 278–280, 292–296" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Calvo describes early presses serving conversion, administration and elite political interests.; She summarizes Chocano Mena’s argument that early Mexican print often consolidated existing authority.; Calvo brings Indigenous and nonprinted recording practices into book history.", "limit": "The claim is historical and institutional; it does not imply print had no Indigenous appropriation, no wider effects, or one unchanged role across the colonial centuries." }, { "id": "CB16", "claim_id": "CB16", "text": "A definition of the book restricted to European alphabetic and printed forms excludes Indigenous ways of preserving and organizing knowledge before the comparison even begins.", "source_ids": [ "B04" ], "locator": { "B04": "pp. 293–295" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Calvo explains how European concepts privileged their own writing instruments, book forms and alphabets.; She discusses painted screenfolds, native papers and knotted cords as material vehicles of meaning.; She identifies broader concepts of writing and attention to material form as productive research directions.", "limit": "This is a methodological critique. It does not make all nonalphabetic systems interchangeable or prove every medium fully transcribes speech." }, { "id": "CB17", "claim_id": "CB17", "text": "Manuscript and oral circulation remained central to colonial knowledge, so a European-style printing-revolution story is an incomplete model for early New Spain.", "source_ids": [ "B04" ], "locator": { "B04": "pp. 279–280, 292–293" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Publishing costs, imported supplies, licensing and institutional patronage constrained local printing.; Calvo reports research suggesting that ideas often circulated orally or in manuscript.", "limit": "Calvo attributes this interpretation to scholarship on particular colonial settings; no quantitative measure of all communication is supplied." }, { "id": "CB18", "claim_id": "CB18", "text": "Judging colonial intellectual life mainly by the presence of European-style novels or literary masterpieces obscures other genres and recording practices.", "source_ids": [ "B04" ], "locator": { "B04": "pp. 280–283, 293–296" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Calvo traces anxieties about limited novel production and the subsequent critique of those inherited literary categories.; Her final section includes notarial, pictorial, oral and material practices.", "limit": "Expanding the categories requires close reading, not replacing a European hierarchy with an unsupported general Indigenous hierarchy." }, { "id": "CB19", "claim_id": "CB19", "text": "The Tira de Tepechpan coordinates time, parallel local histories, rule and family connection through color, registers, glyphs and connecting lines.", "source_ids": [ "B06" ], "locator": { "B06": "pp. 83–91" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Year signs run between an upper Tepechpan and lower Tenochtitlan history.; Changes in disk color mark changes of rule.; Connecting lines indicate marriage and descent; name glyphs distinguish individuals.", "limit": "These conventions belong to this manuscript and reading. Do not make a universal key for every codex from them." }, { "id": "CB20", "claim_id": "CB20", "text": "Diel reads the noblewomen of the Tira as political actors: founding queen, transmitter of noble status, alliance maker and regent.", "source_ids": [ "B06" ], "locator": { "B06": "pp. 83–93" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Tozquentzin participates in foundation and noble descent.; Huitzilxochtzin’s genealogy links Tepechpan to Mexica nobility.; Ome Tochtzin’s funerary bundle combines female hairstyle/pose with a ruler’s diadem.", "limit": "The role categories are Diel’s analysis. Ome Tochtzin’s regency is inferred from the visual record; a possible regency by Huitzilxochtzin is explicitly unproven." }, { "id": "CB21", "claim_id": "CB21", "text": "The absence of noblewomen in an imperial pictorial history cannot be read straightforwardly as their absence from political life.", "source_ids": [ "B06" ], "locator": { "B06": "pp. 93–102" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Women are more visible in histories of secondary polities and early legitimating dynasties.; Diel argues that their diminishing presence can assert imperial autonomy and self-sufficiency.", "limit": "This is an interpretation of selection and omission, not proof of an exact historical motive in every case or a claim that gender relations were equal." }, { "id": "CB22", "claim_id": "CB22", "text": "Claims that Ilancueitl or Atotoztli ruled Tenochtitlan remain difficult to resolve because sources disagree and some were produced for colonial inheritance claims.", "source_ids": [ "B06" ], "locator": { "B06": "pp. 98–99" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Diel notes contradictory kinship and status traditions.; She discusses the Cano family’s political interest in histories supporting Isabel Motecuhzoma’s inheritance.; She concludes that actual rule is difficult to determine.", "limit": "Do not label either woman an undisputed reigning ruler; show the claim, source interest and disagreement." }, { "id": "CB23", "claim_id": "CB23", "text": "Colonial context matters, but Diel argues it does not by itself explain the selective exclusion of women from surviving Nahua pictorial histories.", "source_ids": [ "B06" ], "locator": { "B06": "pp. 99–102" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Not all colonial pictorial histories omit women.; Some depict Doña Marina’s authority explicitly.; Diel considers evidence for Indigenous women’s legal prerogatives and regional variation.", "limit": "Other scholars have emphasized colonial patriarchy; Diel offers a differentiated imperial explanation. All of these surviving histories are colonial objects, not direct untouched precontact witnesses." }, { "id": "CB24", "claim_id": "CB24", "text": "Hunt grounds the historical sections of Porfirio Díaz and Fernández Leal in Cuicatec local history, succession and water rights rather than a generic pan-Mesoamerican migration story.", "source_ids": [ "B07" ], "locator": { "B07": "pp. 674–676, 683–688; tables 1–3" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "She correlates named places with contemporary geography and the 1562 legal record.; She identifies rulers across pictorial and alphabetic documents.; She rejects earlier imaginative identifications that moved the actors across Mesoamerica.", "limit": "Attribute the interpretation and date to Hunt. Current dating and later readings may revise details; this is not a general Aztec history." }, { "id": "CB25", "claim_id": "CB25", "text": "Reading the Cuicatec codices required comparison among paintings, alphabetic legal records, oral memory and local language.", "source_ids": [ "B07" ], "locator": { "B07": "pp. 674, 684, 688" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The 1562 dispute called witnesses who knew oral histories and codex painters.; Hunt consulted Cuicatec speakers, maps, archives, oral histories and archaeological survey.; Some witnesses could read from documents or recall verses accompanying historical recitation.", "limit": "The exact wording of oral performances is not recoverable from this article. It does not reduce paintings to disposable memory aids or prove one fixed oral script." }, { "id": "CB26", "claim_id": "CB26", "text": "A facsimile can change the evidence: Hunt found omitted text and missing or altered details when comparing the Cuicatec originals with printed reproductions.", "source_ids": [ "B07" ], "locator": { "B07": "pp. 675–676, 682, 686" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Written text in the Porfirio Díaz original was absent from a facsimile.; The Fernández Leal reproduction showed fifteen ancestral houses where the original retained twenty.; Faint dots and damaged sections altered chronological possibilities.", "limit": "Hunt’s observations are time-specific; the atlas should use current institutional digitizations where possible and identify the edition shown." }, { "id": "CB27", "claim_id": "CB27", "text": "Hunt interprets cut-out place signs and other damage in Porfirio Díaz in relation to a reported attempt to destroy succession evidence.", "source_ids": [ "B07" ], "locator": { "B07": "pp. 674, 686–687" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Catarina Salomé alleged theft and mutilation of records.; Hunt identifies deliberately cut holes in place-name areas and uses parallels to recover some readings.", "limit": "The relation between individual damage events and a named adversary is reconstructive, not independently proven for every hole. Do not narrate all damage as an established single act." }, { "id": "CB28", "claim_id": "CB28", "text": "The Cuicatec manuscripts’ parallel scenes do not produce one unambiguous chronology.", "source_ids": [ "B07" ], "locator": { "B07": "pp. 682, 686–687; tables 2, 4 and 5" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Hunt lists three possible Porfirio Díaz spans: 226, 263 or 280 years depending on uncertain signs.; The comparable Fernández Leal sequence gives a different span.; She considers missing portions, calendar differences and possible altered dates.", "limit": "These are Hunt’s options, not three equally accepted current chronologies. Display uncertain spans as uncertainty; never force one clean timeline." }, { "id": "CB29", "claim_id": "CB29", "text": "Penn’s 1939 title 'The Oldest American Book' refers to colonial European-style printing and leaves Indigenous manuscript traditions outside its comparison.", "source_ids": [ "B08" ], "locator": { "B08": "p. 303" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Penn compares a Mexican Doctrina breve with New England printing.; Her opening equates the broad title’s book question with printing priority.", "limit": "The claim describes Penn’s framing, not the oldest surviving American object. Do not use the article title as an answer to the atlas’s inclusive question." }, { "id": "CB30", "claim_id": "CB30", "text": "Penn’s account presents missionary printing as the arrival of civilization while using explicit racial comparisons among Indigenous peoples.", "source_ids": [ "B08" ], "locator": { "B08": "pp. 304, 306" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The article praises the mission to bring Christianity and civilization.; It ranks Aztec and other North American peoples through racist assumptions.", "limit": "Use only as a critically identified reception source. The rhetoric is evidence of Penn’s framework, never a legitimate anthropology or current comparative finding." }, { "id": "CB31", "claim_id": "CB31", "text": "Penn’s description of early Mexican print labor includes guesses that must remain guesses.", "source_ids": [ "B08" ], "locator": { "B08": "pp. 304–305" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "The proposed five-hundred-copy edition and calculated press work are conditional estimates.; Ink-making and the precise work of Mexican apprentices are introduced as likelihood or surmise.", "limit": "Do not turn conditional reconstructions into verified print runs, production durations or documented assignments of labor." }, { "id": "CB32", "claim_id": "CB32", "text": "Penn’s reprinted contract excerpts place profit sharing, supply obligations, penalties and enslaved labor inside the history of early Mexican printing.", "source_ids": [ "B08" ], "locator": { "B08": "pp. 305–306" }, "status": "Attributed scholarship", "note": "Penn reproduces obligations between Cromberger and Pablos.; The excerpt includes a man called Pedro treated as enslaved property and financial risk.; It describes a share of profits and obligations to maintain supplies.", "limit": "A mediated excerpt, not direct archival contract inspection. Verify exact terms against modern archival scholarship before treating every detail as settled." }, { "id": "CMP-C01", "claim_id": "CMP-C01", "text": "Surviving American books demonstrably predate European contact.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S01", "CMP-S03" ], "locator": { "CMP-S01": "Getty object caption; SLUB manuscript date", "CMP-S03": "Getty object caption; SLUB manuscript date" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Existence, not population literacy rate or an invention date.", "limit": "Existence, not population literacy rate or an invention date." }, { "id": "CMP-C02", "claim_id": "CMP-C02", "text": "Getty and INAH date Códice Maya de México to about 1100.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S01" ], "locator": { "CMP-S01": "Opening caption" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Approximate date of this object; Maya, not Nahua.", "limit": "Approximate date of this object; Maya, not Nahua." }, { "id": "CMP-C03", "claim_id": "CMP-C03", "text": "Authentication of Códice Maya de México combines material analysis with radiocarbon evidence.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S02" ], "locator": { "CMP-S02": "PDF pp. 2–5" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Its reported cave discovery remains distinct from an excavated archaeological context.", "limit": "Its reported cave discovery remains distinct from an excavated archaeological context." }, { "id": "CMP-C04", "claim_id": "CMP-C04", "text": "The surviving Dresden manuscript is dated ca. 1300–1521 and was originally a bark-bast screenfold.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S03" ], "locator": { "CMP-S03": "Main manuscript list" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Copied table base dates do not date the physical manuscript.", "limit": "Copied table base dates do not date the physical manuscript." }, { "id": "CMP-C05", "claim_id": "CMP-C05", "text": "Dresden's Venus scheme coordinates a 584-day cycle across 104 years.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S04" ], "locator": { "CMP-S04": "Codex pp. 24 and 46–50" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "A table scheme, not a claim of flawless modern measurement.", "limit": "A table scheme, not a claim of flawless modern measurement." }, { "id": "CMP-C06", "claim_id": "CMP-C06", "text": "Maya astronomical calculation in these books operates within ritual and divinatory purposes.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S02", "CMP-S04" ], "locator": { "CMP-S02": "Gallery reading label; SLUB introduction", "CMP-S04": "Gallery reading label; SLUB introduction" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Do not strip ritual from calculation to make a modern science narrative.", "limit": "Do not strip ritual from calculation to make a modern science narrative." }, { "id": "CMP-C07", "claim_id": "CMP-C07", "text": "Maya hieroglyphic writing combines logographic and syllabic signs and encodes grammatical language.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S07", "CMP-S16" ], "locator": { "CMP-S07": "Boot printed pp. 5–7; Met ownership inscription", "CMP-S16": "Boot printed pp. 5–7; Met ownership inscription" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Individual signs and readings still vary in certainty.", "limit": "Individual signs and readings still vary in certainty." }, { "id": "CMP-C08", "claim_id": "CMP-C08", "text": "A seventh–eighth-century Maya vessel carries an ownership text with a possessed noun and personal name.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S16" ], "locator": { "CMP-S16": "James Doyle's opening paragraphs; object 1992.4" }, "status": "Attributed interpretation", "note": "Ceramic writing evidence is not itself a paper manuscript.", "limit": "Ceramic writing evidence is not itself a paper manuscript." }, { "id": "CMP-C09", "claim_id": "CMP-C09", "text": "Lacadena argues that greater phonetic frequency in Tetzcocan manuscripts reflects a regional scribal tradition.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S06" ], "locator": { "CMP-S06": "p. 1 and pp. 12–15" }, "status": "Attributed interpretation", "note": "Retain attribution and distinguish his model from competing classifications.", "limit": "Retain attribution and distinguish his model from competing classifications." }, { "id": "CMP-C10", "claim_id": "CMP-C10", "text": "Lacadena also identifies a surviving specialization in names and calendrical/arithmetic expressions.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S06" ], "locator": { "CMP-S06": "pp. 14–15, feature six" }, "status": "Attributed interpretation", "note": "Do not replace this with a blanket claim of continuous Nahua prose transcription.", "limit": "Do not replace this with a blanket claim of continuous Nahua prose transcription." }, { "id": "CMP-C11", "claim_id": "CMP-C11", "text": "Wright-Carr treats central Mexican visual language as combining semasiographic conventions with some language-specific substitutions.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S09" ], "locator": { "CMP-S09": "Printed pp. 60–63" }, "status": "Attributed interpretation", "note": "His model and scope differ from Lacadena's; the disagreement is instructive.", "limit": "His model and scope differ from Lacadena's; the disagreement is instructive." }, { "id": "CMP-C12", "claim_id": "CMP-C12", "text": "Definitions centered on alphabetic speech recording can exclude effective Indigenous knowledge systems before assessing their functions.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S08", "CMP-S09" ], "locator": { "CMP-S08": "Publisher description; Wright-Carr conceptual discussion", "CMP-S09": "Publisher description; Wright-Carr conceptual discussion" }, "status": "Comparative inference", "note": "A broad use of literacy should be declared and should not erase linguistic distinctions.", "limit": "A broad use of literacy should be declared and should not erase linguistic distinctions." }, { "id": "CMP-C13", "claim_id": "CMP-C13", "text": "Pohl describes red guides supporting a meandering reading order in Nuttall.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S05" ], "locator": { "CMP-S05": "Paragraph on obverse/reverse and guide lines" }, "status": "Attributed interpretation", "note": "A guide is learned, not universally self-evident.", "limit": "A guide is learned, not universally self-evident." }, { "id": "CMP-C14", "claim_id": "CMP-C14", "text": "Related Mixtec books can organize different dynastic perspectives on overlapping people and events.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S05" ], "locator": { "CMP-S05": "Nuttall, Selden and Bodley discussion" }, "status": "Attributed interpretation", "note": "Their political purposes do not make every depicted episode independently verified.", "limit": "Their political purposes do not make every depicted episode independently verified." }, { "id": "CMP-C15", "claim_id": "CMP-C15", "text": "An expanded screenfold offers a larger continuous field for tracing relations than a single normal opening of a bound book.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S03", "CMP-S05", "CMP-S11" ], "locator": { "CMP-S03": "Formats described by SLUB, Pohl and Getty", "CMP-S05": "Formats described by SLUB, Pohl and Getty", "CMP-S11": "Formats described by SLUB, Pohl and Getty" }, "status": "Comparative inference", "note": "Not a measured speed advantage; European rolls also offer extended viewing.", "limit": "Not a measured speed advantage; European rolls also offer extended viewing." }, { "id": "CMP-C16", "claim_id": "CMP-C16", "text": "European books of hours joined recurring recitation with pictures and calendars.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S10" ], "locator": { "CMP-S10": "Recitation and calendar sections" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Specific books and owners vary; recitation does not imply identical comprehension.", "limit": "Specific books and owners vary; recitation does not imply identical comprehension." }, { "id": "CMP-C17", "claim_id": "CMP-C17", "text": "Images in books of hours could function as visual section markers.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S10" ], "locator": { "CMP-S10": "Paragraph on images as text markers" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "The role of images is not exhausted by decoration.", "limit": "The role of images is not exhausted by decoration." }, { "id": "CMP-C18", "claim_id": "CMP-C18", "text": "The Royal Society's late-fourteenth-century folding almanac combines astronomical data, religious dates and a numerical cipher.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S13" ], "locator": { "CMP-S13": "MS/45; lunar cipher and astronomical calendar" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Specialist knowledge was also needed to use this European object.", "limit": "Specialist knowledge was also needed to use this European object." }, { "id": "CMP-C19", "claim_id": "CMP-C19", "text": "Dresden and MS/45 provide a matched comparison of designed calendrical consultation, not a contest between science and superstition.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S04", "CMP-S13" ], "locator": { "CMP-S04": "Venus tables; perpetual calendar", "CMP-S13": "Venus tables; perpetual calendar" }, "status": "Comparative inference", "note": "No numerical accuracy ranking is established by this pairing.", "limit": "No numerical accuracy ranking is established by this pairing." }, { "id": "CMP-C20", "claim_id": "CMP-C20", "text": "European parchment manuscripts required several coordinated manufacturing operations, including surface preparation and binding.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S11" ], "locator": { "CMP-S11": "Parchment Making through Binding" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "This does not characterize every European manuscript or deny earlier European paper use.", "limit": "This does not characterize every European manuscript or deny earlier European paper use." }, { "id": "CMP-C21", "claim_id": "CMP-C21", "text": "The Dresden Sachsenspiegel combines legal images and text in linked columns.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S12" ], "locator": { "CMP-S12": "Four Illuminated Manuscripts; Dresden dated 1343–1363" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "A normative code differs from a lawsuit's evidence.", "limit": "A normative code differs from a lawsuit's evidence." }, { "id": "CMP-C22", "claim_id": "CMP-C22", "text": "Lewis E 201, ca. 1461–1464, uses diagrammatic lineage and legendary ancestry to support dynastic legitimacy.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S17" ], "locator": { "CMP-S17": "Director's Overview" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "The beliefs represented are not thereby accepted as literal genealogical fact.", "limit": "The beliefs represented are not thereby accepted as literal genealogical fact." }, { "id": "CMP-C23", "claim_id": "CMP-C23", "text": "Mixtec dynastic histories should receive the same source criticism applied to European royal genealogies.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S05", "CMP-S17" ], "locator": { "CMP-S05": "Overlapping histories; legendary royal ancestry", "CMP-S17": "Overlapping histories; legendary royal ancestry" }, "status": "Comparative inference", "note": "Neither automatic credulity nor dismissal on account of pictorial form.", "limit": "Neither automatic credulity nor dismissal on account of pictorial form." }, { "id": "CMP-C24", "claim_id": "CMP-C24", "text": "The 1531 Huexotzinco paintings combine Indigenous production knowledge with an early colonial legal setting.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S18" ], "locator": { "CMP-S18": "Introduction and Conclusion" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "It is a colonial manuscript, not direct proof that this exact object or palette predates contact.", "limit": "It is a colonial manuscript, not direct proof that this exact object or palette predates contact." }, { "id": "CMP-C25", "claim_id": "CMP-C25", "text": "Huexotzinco material analysis documents multiple supports and specialized color manufacture.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S18" ], "locator": { "CMP-S18": "Paper; Pigment identification; Fig. 7" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "The yellow dye remains unidentified, and causes of material change are partly interpretive.", "limit": "The yellow dye remains unidentified, and causes of material change are partly interpretive." }, { "id": "CMP-C26", "claim_id": "CMP-C26", "text": "The start of printing in Mexico in 1539 must be distinguished from the history of American books and writing.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S15", "CMP-S01", "CMP-S16" ], "locator": { "CMP-S15": "JCB second paragraph; Getty date; Met inscription", "CMP-S01": "JCB second paragraph; Getty date; Met inscription", "CMP-S16": "JCB second paragraph; Getty date; Met inscription" }, "status": "Comparative inference", "note": "A new reproduction technology does not establish the first local literacy.", "limit": "A new reproduction technology does not establish the first local literacy." }, { "id": "CMP-C27", "claim_id": "CMP-C27", "text": "Present-day Ñuu Savi scholars connect codex study with community language and heritage education.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S14" ], "locator": { "CMP-S14": "Report opening paragraphs" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "This source is a report about their work, not a transcript of their full argument.", "limit": "This source is a report about their work, not a transcript of their full argument." }, { "id": "CMP-C28", "claim_id": "CMP-C28", "text": "The strongest superiority claims are task-specific affordances or documented achievements, not continental rankings.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S03", "CMP-S04", "CMP-S13", "CMP-S17" ], "locator": { "CMP-S03": "Comparison of physical formats and uses", "CMP-S04": "Comparison of physical formats and uses", "CMP-S13": "Comparison of physical formats and uses", "CMP-S17": "Comparison of physical formats and uses" }, "status": "Comparative inference", "note": "No representative population data or cross-continental performance trial was found. Do not invent either.", "limit": "No representative population data or cross-continental performance trial was found. Do not invent either." }, { "id": "CMP-C29", "claim_id": "CMP-C29", "text": "JCB describes its early Mexican imprints as a multilingual collection serving religious, educational and administrative purposes.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S15a" ], "locator": { "CMP-S15a": "Opening four substantive paragraphs" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "The 66 surviving imprints in one collection are not a complete census.", "limit": "The 66 surviving imprints in one collection are not a complete census." }, { "id": "CMP-C30", "claim_id": "CMP-C30", "text": "Jerónima Gutiérrez and María de Sansoric have documented roles in sixteenth-century Mexican print enterprises.", "source_ids": [ "CMP-S15b", "CMP-S15c" ], "locator": { "CMP-S15b": "Main biography paragraphs", "CMP-S15c": "Main biography paragraphs" }, "status": "Direct evidence", "note": "Retain distinctions among publication, ownership, shop direction and manual presswork.", "limit": "Retain distinctions among publication, ownership, shop direction and manual presswork." }, { "id": "SLD-C01", "claim_id": "SLD-C01", "text": "Bodleian dates the visible Selden painting to shortly after 1556; its precontact style does not make the surviving object precontact.", "source_ids": [ "IMG-S02" ], "locator": { "IMG-S02": "Bodleian object metadata and manuscript_8835" }, "status": "Institutional object date", "limit": "Manufacture date and represented events remain separate.", "note": "" }, { "id": "SLD-C02", "claim_id": "SLD-C02", "text": "The Selden catalogue describes a bottom-up boustrophedon reading order and a narrative extending from 783 to 1556.", "source_ids": [ "IMG-S02" ], "locator": { "IMG-S02": "Catalogue reading-order and contents fields" }, "status": "Institutional description", "limit": "The dates narrated do not date the surviving painting.", "note": "" }, { "id": "COL-C01", "claim_id": "COL-C01", "text": "Porfirio Díaz’s production date remains uncertain: INAH gives the sixteenth century and van Doesburg proposes an early-century date as probable.", "source_ids": [ "COL-S01", "COL-S02" ], "locator": { "COL-S01": "Metadata; production-date paragraph", "COL-S02": "Metadata; production-date paragraph" }, "status": "Qualified dating", "limit": "It cannot serve as securely dated direct precontact evidence.", "note": "" }, { "id": "COL-C02", "claim_id": "COL-C02", "text": "The original Fernández Leal is a sixteenth-century amatl scroll held by the Bancroft Library.", "source_ids": [ "COL-S03" ], "locator": { "COL-S03": "Codex Fernández Leal section" }, "status": "Institutional metadata", "limit": "Earlier source traditions do not fix an earlier physical manufacture date.", "note": "" }, { "id": "COL-C03", "claim_id": "COL-C03", "text": "Vatican catalogue dates Borgia to the late fifteenth century and describes its joined membrane screenfold.", "source_ids": [ "COL-S05" ], "locator": { "COL-S05": "Date/support/physical-description fields" }, "status": "Institutional metadata", "limit": "Precise regional provenance remains debated.", "note": "" }, { "id": "COL-C04", "claim_id": "COL-C04", "text": "A primary technical examiner dates the assembly of Xolotl to about 1540 and documents examination at BnF.", "source_ids": [ "COL-S04" ], "locator": { "COL-S04": "Main article chronology and methods" }, "status": "Attributed technical report", "limit": "The current BnF catalogue was blocked; dates are attributed to the examiner.", "note": "" }, { "id": "COL-C05", "claim_id": "COL-C05", "text": "Official British Museum metadata identifies Tonindeye as a Mixtec painted-deerskin manuscript dated 1200–1521.", "source_ids": [ "COL-S06" ], "locator": { "COL-S06": "Official original-object metadata" }, "status": "Institutional metadata", "limit": "Broad catalogue range; the displayed 1902 facsimile is a later representation.", "note": "" }, { "id": "FL-C01", "claim_id": "FL-C01", "text": "The Florentine Codex’s 1575–1577 production joins Nahua scholars and artists with Sahagún in a multilingual colonial project.", "source_ids": [ "FL-S01" ], "locator": { "FL-S01": "Project introduction" }, "status": "Institutional scholarly synthesis", "limit": "Named contributors and passage-level voices require individual attribution, not a single undifferentiated author.", "note": "" }, { "id": "HUE-C01", "claim_id": "HUE-C01", "text": "The Huexotzinco numerical key includes signs for 20,400 and 8,000; the atlas calculator demonstrates their additive values.", "source_ids": [ "HUE-S01" ], "locator": { "HUE-S01": "Teaching numeral key" }, "status": "Institutional teaching key", "limit": "An original generic demonstration, not a panel transcription.", "note": "" }, { "id": "FL-C02", "claim_id": "FL-C02", "text": "The Florentine Codex’s named Nahua collaborators include Antonio Valeriano, Alonso Vegerano, Martín Jacobita and Pedro de San Buenaventura, alongside scribes and artists.", "source_ids": [ "FL-S02" ], "locator": { "FL-S02": "A Bilingual and Bicultural Manuscript; named authors paragraph" }, "status": "Institutional scholarly attribution", "note": "Credit follows the collective production history. Image-level authorship remains a separate question.", "limit": "The surviving names are a partial record of the people who made the work." } ]